kubernetes-the-hard-way/docs/01-infrastructure-aws.md

# Cloud Infrastructure Provisioning - Amazon Web Services

This lab will walk you through provisioning the compute instances required for running a H/A Kubernetes cluster. A total of 6 virtual machines will be created.

The guide uses the `us-west-2` region, but you can override that at the start.

After completing this guide you should have the following compute instances:

![EC2 Console](ec2-instances.png)

> All machines will be provisioned with fixed private IP addresses to simplify the bootstrap process.

To make our Kubernetes control plane remotely accessible, a public IP address will be provisioned and assigned to a Load Balancer that will sit in front of the 3 Kubernetes controllers.

## Networking

### VPC

```
AWS_REGION=us-west-2
```

```
VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 create-vpc \
  --cidr-block 10.240.0.0/16 | \
  jq -r '.Vpc.VpcId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${VPC_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

```
aws ec2 modify-vpc-attribute \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID} \
  --enable-dns-support '{"Value": true}'
```

```
aws ec2 modify-vpc-attribute \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID} \
  --enable-dns-hostnames '{"Value": true}'
```

### DHCP Option Sets

```
DHCP_OPTION_SET_ID=$(aws ec2 create-dhcp-options \
  --dhcp-configuration "Key=domain-name,Values=$AWS_REGION.compute.internal" \
    "Key=domain-name-servers,Values=AmazonProvidedDNS" | \
  jq -r '.DhcpOptions.DhcpOptionsId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${DHCP_OPTION_SET_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

```
aws ec2 associate-dhcp-options \
  --dhcp-options-id ${DHCP_OPTION_SET_ID} \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID}
```

### Subnets

Create a subnet for the Kubernetes cluster:

```
SUBNET_ID=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID} \
  --cidr-block 10.240.0.0/24 | \
  jq -r '.Subnet.SubnetId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${SUBNET_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

### Internet Gateways

```
INTERNET_GATEWAY_ID=$(aws ec2 create-internet-gateway | \
  jq -r '.InternetGateway.InternetGatewayId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${INTERNET_GATEWAY_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

```
aws ec2 attach-internet-gateway \
  --internet-gateway-id ${INTERNET_GATEWAY_ID} \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID}
```

### Route Tables

```
ROUTE_TABLE_ID=$(aws ec2 create-route-table \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID} | \
  jq -r '.RouteTable.RouteTableId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${ROUTE_TABLE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

```
aws ec2 associate-route-table \
  --route-table-id ${ROUTE_TABLE_ID} \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID}
```

```
aws ec2 create-route \
  --route-table-id ${ROUTE_TABLE_ID} \
  --destination-cidr-block 0.0.0.0/0 \
  --gateway-id ${INTERNET_GATEWAY_ID}
```

### Firewall Rules

```
SECURITY_GROUP_ID=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
  --group-name kubernetes \
  --description "Kubernetes security group" \
  --vpc-id ${VPC_ID} | \
  jq -r '.GroupId')
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=kubernetes
```

```
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --protocol all
```

```
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --protocol all \
  --port 0-65535 \
  --cidr 10.240.0.0/16
```

```
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --protocol tcp \
  --port 22 \
  --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
```

```
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --protocol tcp \
  --port 6443 \
  --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
```

```
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --protocol all \
  --source-group ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID}
```

### Kubernetes Public Address

An ELB will be used to load balance traffic across the Kubernetes control plane.

```
aws elb create-load-balancer \
  --load-balancer-name kubernetes \
  --listeners "Protocol=TCP,LoadBalancerPort=6443,InstanceProtocol=TCP,InstancePort=6443" \
  --subnets ${SUBNET_ID} \
  --security-groups ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID}
```

## Provision Virtual Machines

All the VMs in this lab will be provisioned using Ubuntu 16.04 mainly because it runs a newish Linux Kernel that has good support for Docker.

All virtual machines in this section will be created with the `--no-source-dest-check` flag to enable traffic between foreign subnets to flow. The will enable Pods to communicate with nodes and other Pods via the Kubernetes service IP.

### Create Instance IAM Policies

```
cat > kubernetes-iam-role.json <<'EOF'
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {"Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"}, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"}
  ]
}
EOF
```

```
aws iam create-role \
  --role-name kubernetes \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://kubernetes-iam-role.json
```

```
cat > kubernetes-iam-policy.json <<'EOF'
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {"Effect": "Allow", "Action": ["ec2:*"], "Resource": ["*"]},
    {"Effect": "Allow", "Action": ["elasticloadbalancing:*"], "Resource": ["*"]},
    {"Effect": "Allow", "Action": ["route53:*"], "Resource": ["*"]},
    {"Effect": "Allow", "Action": ["ecr:*"], "Resource": "*"}
  ]
}
EOF
```

```
aws iam put-role-policy \
  --role-name kubernetes \
  --policy-name kubernetes \
  --policy-document file://kubernetes-iam-policy.json
```

```
aws iam create-instance-profile \
  --instance-profile-name kubernetes 
```

```
aws iam add-role-to-instance-profile \
  --instance-profile-name kubernetes \
  --role-name kubernetes
```

### Chosing an Image

Pick the latest Ubuntu Xenial server

```
IMAGE_ID=$(aws ec2 describe-images --owners 099720109477 \
  --region $AWS_REGION \
  --filters Name=root-device-type,Values=ebs Name=architecture,Values=x86_64 'Name=name,Values=ubuntu/images/hvm-ssd/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-amd64-server-*' \
  | jq -r '.Images|sort_by(.Name)[-1]|.ImageId')
```

### Generate A SSH Key Pair

```
aws ec2 create-key-pair --key-name kubernetes | \
  jq -r '.KeyMaterial' > ~/.ssh/kubernetes_the_hard_way
```

```
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/kubernetes_the_hard_way
```

```
ssh-add ~/.ssh/kubernetes_the_hard_way 
```

#### SSH Access

Once the virtual machines are created you'll be able to login into each machine using ssh like this:

```
WORKER_0_PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
    --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=worker0" | \
    jq -j '.Reservations[].Instances[].PublicIpAddress')
```

> The instance public IP address can also be obtained from the EC2 console. Each node will be tagged with a unique name.

```
ssh ubuntu@${WORKER_0_PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS}
```

### Virtual Machines

#### Kubernetes Controllers

```
CONTROLLER_0_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.10 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${CONTROLLER_0_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${CONTROLLER_0_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=controller0
``` 

```
CONTROLLER_1_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.11 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${CONTROLLER_1_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${CONTROLLER_1_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=controller1
``` 

```
CONTROLLER_2_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.12 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${CONTROLLER_2_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${CONTROLLER_2_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=controller2
``` 

#### Kubernetes Workers

```
WORKER_0_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.20 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${WORKER_0_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${WORKER_0_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=worker0
```

```
WORKER_1_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.21 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${WORKER_1_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${WORKER_1_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=worker1
```

```
WORKER_2_INSTANCE_ID=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
  --associate-public-ip-address \
  --iam-instance-profile 'Name=kubernetes' \
  --image-id ${IMAGE_ID} \
  --count 1 \
  --key-name kubernetes \
  --security-group-ids ${SECURITY_GROUP_ID} \
  --instance-type t2.small \
  --private-ip-address 10.240.0.22 \
  --subnet-id ${SUBNET_ID} | \
  jq -r '.Instances[].InstanceId')
```

```
aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
  --instance-id ${WORKER_2_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --no-source-dest-check
```

```
aws ec2 create-tags \
  --resources ${WORKER_2_INSTANCE_ID} \
  --tags Key=Name,Value=worker2
```


## Verify

```
aws ec2 describe-instances \
  --filters "Name=instance-state-name,Values=running" "Name=vpc-id,Values=${VPC_ID}" | \
  jq -j '.Reservations[].Instances[] | .InstanceId, "  ", .Placement.AvailabilityZone, "  ", .PrivateIpAddress, "  ", .PublicIpAddress, "\n"'
```
```
i-ae714f73  us-west-2c  10.240.0.11  XX.XX.XX.XXX
i-f4714f29  us-west-2c  10.240.0.21  XX.XX.XXX.XXX
i-f6714f2b  us-west-2c  10.240.0.12  XX.XX.XX.XX
i-e26e503f  us-west-2c  10.240.0.22  XX.XX.XXX.XXX
i-e8714f35  us-west-2c  10.240.0.10  XX.XX.XXX.XXX
i-78704ea5  us-west-2c  10.240.0.20  XX.XX.XXX.XXX
```