# Installing Container Runtime on the Kubernetes Worker Nodes

In this lab you will install the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) on both worker nodes. CRI is a standard interface for the management of containers. Since v1.24 the use of dockershim has been fully deprecated and removed from the code base. [containerd replaces docker](https://kodekloud.com/blog/kubernetes-removed-docker-what-happens-now/) as the container runtime for Kubernetes, and it requires support from [CNI Plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins) to configure container networks, and [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc) to actually do the job of running containers.

Reference: https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md

### Download and Install Container Networking

The commands in this lab must be run on each worker instance: `node01`, and `node02`. Login to each controller instance using SSH Terminal.

Here we will install the container runtime `containerd` from the Ubuntu distribution, and kubectl plus the CNI tools from the Kubernetes distribution. Kubectl is required on `node02` to initialize kubeconfig files for the worker-node auto registration.

[//]: # (host:node01-node02)

You can perform this step with [tmux](01-prerequisites.md#running-commands-in-parallel-with-tmux).

1. Update the apt package index and install packages needed to use the Kubernetes apt repository:
    ```bash
    {
        sudo apt-get update
        sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl
    }
    ```

1. Set up the required kernel modules and make them persistent
    ```bash
    {
        cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf
    overlay
    br_netfilter
    EOF

        sudo modprobe overlay
        sudo modprobe br_netfilter
    }
    ```

1.  Set the required kernel parameters and make them persistent
    ```bash
    {
        cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
    net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables  = 1
    net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
    net.ipv4.ip_forward                 = 1
    EOF

        sudo sysctl --system
    }
    ```

1.  Determine latest version of Kubernetes and store in a shell variable

    ```bash
    KUBE_LATEST=$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt | awk 'BEGIN { FS="." } { printf "%s.%s", $1, $2 }')
    ```

1. Download the Kubernetes public signing key
    ```bash
    {
        sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings
        curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/${KUBE_LATEST}/deb/Release.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg
    }
    ```

1. Add the Kubernetes apt repository
    ```bash
    echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/${KUBE_LATEST}/deb/ /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
    ```

1. Install the container runtime and CNI components
    ```bash
    sudo apt update
    sudo apt-get install -y containerd kubernetes-cni kubectl ipvsadm ipset
    ```

1.  Configure the container runtime to use systemd Cgroups. This part is the bit many students miss, and if not done results in a controlplane that comes up, then all the pods start crashlooping. `kubectl` will also fail with an error like `The connection to the server x.x.x.x:6443 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?`

    1. Create default configuration and pipe it through `sed` to correctly set Cgroup parameter.

        ```bash
        {
            sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd
            containerd config default | sed 's/SystemdCgroup = false/SystemdCgroup = true/' | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml
        }
        ```

    1.  Restart containerd

        ```bash
        sudo systemctl restart containerd
        ```


Next: [Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Worker Nodes](./10-bootstrapping-kubernetes-workers.md)</br>
Prev: [Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Control Plane](./08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md)