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Vu
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> 用所有重要组件概述高水平设计
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## 第 3 步：设计核心组件
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* **Web 服务器** 在 EC2 上
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* 存储用户数据
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* [**MySQL 数据库**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms)
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* [**MySQL 数据库**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms)
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运用 **纵向扩展**：
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**折中方案, 可选方案, 和其他细节:**
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* **纵向扩展** 的可选方案是 [**横向扩展**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling)
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* **纵向扩展** 的可选方案是 [**横向扩展**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling)
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#### 自 SQL 开始，但认真考虑 NoSQL
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**折中方案, 可选方案, 和其他细节:**
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* 查阅 [关系型数据库管理系统 (RDBMS)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) 章节
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* 查阅 [关系型数据库管理系统 (RDBMS) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) 章节
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* 讨论使用 [SQL 或 NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql) 的原因
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#### 分配公共静态 IP
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### 用户+
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#### 假设
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### 用户+++
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#### 假设
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@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@
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* 终止在 **负载平衡器** 上的SSL，以减少后端服务器上的计算负载，并简化证书管理
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* 在多个可用区域中使用多台 **Web服务器**
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* 在多个可用区域的 [**主-从 故障转移**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication) 模式中使用多个 **MySQL** 实例来改进冗余
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* 分离 **Web 服务器** 和 [**应用服务器**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer)
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* 分离 **Web 服务器** 和 [**应用服务器**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer)
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* 独立扩展和配置每一层
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* **Web 服务器** 可以作为 [**反向代理**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server)
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* **Web 服务器** 可以作为 [**反向代理**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server)
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* 例如, 你可以添加 **应用服务器** 处理 **读 API** 而另外一些处理 **写 API**
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* 将静态（和一些动态）内容转移到 [**内容分发网络 (CDN)**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network) 例如 CloudFront 以减少负载和延迟
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* 将静态（和一些动态）内容转移到 [**内容分发网络 (CDN) **](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network) 例如 CloudFront 以减少负载和延迟
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**折中方案, 可选方案, 和其他细节:**
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### 用户+++
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**注意：** **内部负载均衡** 不显示以减少混乱
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* 下面的目标试图解决 **MySQL数据库** 的伸缩性问题
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* * 基于 **基准/负载测试** 和 **分析**，你可能只需要实现其中的一两个技术
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* 将下列数据移动到一个 [**内存缓存**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache)，例如弹性缓存，以减少负载和延迟：
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* 将下列数据移动到一个 [**内存缓存**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache) ，例如弹性缓存，以减少负载和延迟：
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* **MySQL** 中频繁访问的内容
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* 首先, 尝试配置 **MySQL 数据库** 缓存以查看是否足以在实现 **内存缓存** 之前缓解瓶颈
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* 来自 **Web 服务器** 的会话数据
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**折中方案, 可选方案, 和其他细节:**
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* 查阅 [关系型数据库管理系统 (RDBMS)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) 章节
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* 查阅 [关系型数据库管理系统 (RDBMS) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) 章节
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### 用户++++
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#### 假设
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### 用户+++++
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**注释：** **自动伸缩** 组不显示以减少混乱
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@@ -317,10 +317,10 @@
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SQL 扩展模型包括：
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* [集合](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
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* [分片](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
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* [反范式](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
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* [SQL 调优](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
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* [集合](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
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* [分片](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
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* [反范式](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
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* [SQL 调优](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
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为了进一步处理高读和写请求，我们还应该考虑将适当的数据移动到一个 [**NoSQL数据库**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#nosql) ，例如 DynamoDB。
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### SQL 扩展模式
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* [读取副本](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication)
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* [集合](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
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* [分区](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
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* [反规范化](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
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* [SQL 调优](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
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* [读取副本](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication)
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* [集合](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
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* [分区](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
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* [反规范化](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
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* [SQL 调优](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
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#### NoSQL
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* [键值存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store)
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* [文档存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store)
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* [宽表存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store)
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* [图数据库](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database)
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* [SQL vs NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
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* [键值存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store)
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* [文档存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store)
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* [宽表存储](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store)
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* [图数据库](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database)
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* [SQL vs NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
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### 缓存
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* 缓存到哪里
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* [客户端缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching)
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* [CDN 缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching)
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* [Web 服务缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching)
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* [数据库缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching)
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* [应用缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching)
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* [客户端缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching)
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* [CDN 缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching)
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* [Web 服务缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching)
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* [数据库缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching)
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* [应用缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching)
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* 缓存什么
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* [数据库请求层缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level)
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* [对象层缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level)
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* [数据库请求层缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level)
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* [对象层缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level)
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* 何时更新缓存
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* [预留缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside)
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* [完全写入](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through)
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* [延迟写 (写回)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back)
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* [事先更新](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead)
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* [预留缓存](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside)
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* [完全写入](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through)
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* [延迟写 (写回) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back)
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* [事先更新](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead)
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### 异步性和微服务
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* [消息队列](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues)
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* [任务队列](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues)
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* [回退压力](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure)
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* [微服务](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices)
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* [消息队列](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues)
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* [任务队列](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues)
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* [回退压力](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure)
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* [微服务](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices)
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### 沟通
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* 关于折中方案的讨论:
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* 客户端的外部通讯 - [遵循 REST 的 HTTP APIs](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest)
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* 内部通讯 - [RPC](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc)
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* [服务探索](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery)
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* 客户端的外部通讯 - [遵循 REST 的 HTTP APIs](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest)
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* 内部通讯 - [RPC](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc)
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* [服务探索](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery)
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### 安全性
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参考 [安全章节](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security)
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参考 [安全章节](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security)
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### 延迟数字指标
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查阅 [每个程序员必懂的延迟数字](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know)
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查阅 [每个程序员必懂的延迟数字](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know)
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### 正在进行
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@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Handy conversion guide:
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> Outline a high level design with all important components.
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## Step 3: Design core components
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* **Web server** on EC2
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* Storage for user data
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* [**MySQL Database**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms)
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* [**MySQL Database**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms)
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Use **Vertical Scaling**:
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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Use **Vertical Scaling**:
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*Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:*
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* The alternative to **Vertical Scaling** is [**Horizontal scaling**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling)
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* The alternative to **Vertical Scaling** is [**Horizontal scaling**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#horizontal-scaling)
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#### Start with SQL, consider NoSQL
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@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ The constraints assume there is a need for relational data. We can start off us
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*Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:*
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* See the [Relational database management system (RDBMS)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) section
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* Discuss reasons to use [SQL or NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
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* See the [Relational database management system (RDBMS) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) section
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* Discuss reasons to use [SQL or NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
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#### Assign a public static IP
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Add a **DNS** such as Route 53 to map the domain to the instance's public IP.
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### Users+
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#### Assumptions
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@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ We've been able to address these issues with **Vertical Scaling** so far. Unfor
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### Users++
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||||
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||||
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||||
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#### Assumptions
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||||
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||||
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@ Our **Benchmarks/Load Tests** and **Profiling** show that our single **Web Serve
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* Terminate SSL on the **Load Balancer** to reduce computational load on backend servers and to simplify certificate administration
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* Use multiple **Web Servers** spread out over multiple availability zones
|
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* Use multiple **MySQL** instances in [**Master-Slave Failover**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication) mode across multiple availability zones to improve redundancy
|
||||
* Separate out the **Web Servers** from the [**Application Servers**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer)
|
||||
* Separate out the **Web Servers** from the [**Application Servers**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-layer)
|
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* Scale and configure both layers independently
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* **Web Servers** can run as a [**Reverse Proxy**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server)
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* **Web Servers** can run as a [**Reverse Proxy**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#reverse-proxy-web-server)
|
||||
* For example, you can add **Application Servers** handling **Read APIs** while others handle **Write APIs**
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* Move static (and some dynamic) content to a [**Content Delivery Network (CDN)**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network) such as CloudFront to reduce load and latency
|
||||
* Move static (and some dynamic) content to a [**Content Delivery Network (CDN) **](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#content-delivery-network) such as CloudFront to reduce load and latency
|
||||
|
||||
*Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:*
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ Our **Benchmarks/Load Tests** and **Profiling** show that our single **Web Serve
|
||||
|
||||
### Users+++
|
||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
**Note:** **Internal Load Balancers** not shown to reduce clutter
|
||||
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||||
@@ -249,16 +249,16 @@ Our **Benchmarks/Load Tests** and **Profiling** show that we are read-heavy (100
|
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||||
* In addition to adding and scaling a **Memory Cache**, **MySQL Read Replicas** can also help relieve load on the **MySQL Write Master**
|
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* Add logic to **Web Server** to separate out writes and reads
|
||||
* Add **Load Balancers** in front of **MySQL Read Replicas** (not pictured to reduce clutter)
|
||||
* Add **Load Balancers** in front of **MySQL Read Replicas** (not pictured to reduce clutter)
|
||||
* Most services are read-heavy vs write-heavy
|
||||
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||||
*Trade-offs, alternatives, and additional details:*
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||||
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||||
* See the [Relational database management system (RDBMS)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) section
|
||||
* See the [Relational database management system (RDBMS) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#relational-database-management-system-rdbms) section
|
||||
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||||
### Users++++
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Assumptions
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Our **Benchmarks/Load Tests** and **Profiling** show that our traffic spikes dur
|
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|
||||
### Users+++++
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** **Autoscaling** groups not shown to reduce clutter
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -317,10 +317,10 @@ We'll continue to address scaling issues due to the problem's constraints:
|
||||
|
||||
SQL scaling patterns include:
|
||||
|
||||
* [Federation](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
|
||||
* [Sharding](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
|
||||
* [Denormalization](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
|
||||
* [SQL Tuning](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
|
||||
* [Federation](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
|
||||
* [Sharding](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
|
||||
* [Denormalization](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
|
||||
* [SQL Tuning](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
|
||||
|
||||
To further address the high read and write requests, we should also consider moving appropriate data to a [**NoSQL Database**](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#nosql) such as DynamoDB.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -344,58 +344,58 @@ We can further separate out our [**Application Servers**](https://github.com/don
|
||||
|
||||
### SQL scaling patterns
|
||||
|
||||
* [Read replicas](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication)
|
||||
* [Federation](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
|
||||
* [Sharding](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
|
||||
* [Denormalization](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
|
||||
* [SQL Tuning](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
|
||||
* [Read replicas](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#master-slave-replication)
|
||||
* [Federation](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#federation)
|
||||
* [Sharding](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sharding)
|
||||
* [Denormalization](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#denormalization)
|
||||
* [SQL Tuning](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-tuning)
|
||||
|
||||
#### NoSQL
|
||||
|
||||
* [Key-value store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store)
|
||||
* [Document store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store)
|
||||
* [Wide column store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store)
|
||||
* [Graph database](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database)
|
||||
* [SQL vs NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
|
||||
* [Key-value store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#key-value-store)
|
||||
* [Document store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#document-store)
|
||||
* [Wide column store](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#wide-column-store)
|
||||
* [Graph database](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#graph-database)
|
||||
* [SQL vs NoSQL](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#sql-or-nosql)
|
||||
|
||||
### Caching
|
||||
|
||||
* Where to cache
|
||||
* [Client caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching)
|
||||
* [CDN caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching)
|
||||
* [Web server caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching)
|
||||
* [Database caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching)
|
||||
* [Application caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching)
|
||||
* [Client caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#client-caching)
|
||||
* [CDN caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cdn-caching)
|
||||
* [Web server caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#web-server-caching)
|
||||
* [Database caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#database-caching)
|
||||
* [Application caching](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#application-caching)
|
||||
* What to cache
|
||||
* [Caching at the database query level](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level)
|
||||
* [Caching at the object level](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level)
|
||||
* [Caching at the database query level](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-database-query-level)
|
||||
* [Caching at the object level](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#caching-at-the-object-level)
|
||||
* When to update the cache
|
||||
* [Cache-aside](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside)
|
||||
* [Write-through](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through)
|
||||
* [Write-behind (write-back)](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back)
|
||||
* [Refresh ahead](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead)
|
||||
* [Cache-aside](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#cache-aside)
|
||||
* [Write-through](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-through)
|
||||
* [Write-behind (write-back) ](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#write-behind-write-back)
|
||||
* [Refresh ahead](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#refresh-ahead)
|
||||
|
||||
### Asynchronism and microservices
|
||||
|
||||
* [Message queues](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues)
|
||||
* [Task queues](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues)
|
||||
* [Back pressure](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure)
|
||||
* [Microservices](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices)
|
||||
* [Message queues](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#message-queues)
|
||||
* [Task queues](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#task-queues)
|
||||
* [Back pressure](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#back-pressure)
|
||||
* [Microservices](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#microservices)
|
||||
|
||||
### Communications
|
||||
|
||||
* Discuss tradeoffs:
|
||||
* External communication with clients - [HTTP APIs following REST](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest)
|
||||
* Internal communications - [RPC](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc)
|
||||
* [Service discovery](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery)
|
||||
* External communication with clients - [HTTP APIs following REST](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#representational-state-transfer-rest)
|
||||
* Internal communications - [RPC](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#remote-procedure-call-rpc)
|
||||
* [Service discovery](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#service-discovery)
|
||||
|
||||
### Security
|
||||
|
||||
Refer to the [security section](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security).
|
||||
Refer to the [security section](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#security) .
|
||||
|
||||
### Latency numbers
|
||||
|
||||
See [Latency numbers every programmer should know](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know).
|
||||
See [Latency numbers every programmer should know](https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer#latency-numbers-every-programmer-should-know) .
|
||||
|
||||
### Ongoing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user