Update to Kubernetes 1.21.0

Update to Kubernetes 1.18.6
Update to Kubernetes 1.15.3
2025-07-30 07:24:00 +03:00 · 2021-05-01 22:49:21 -07:00 · 2020-07-18 00:42:18 -07:00 · 2019-09-15 12:10:26 -07:00 · 2018-09-30 19:35:05 +00:00
17 changed files with 421 additions and 287 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -47,3 +47,4 @@ service-account-key.pem
 service-account.csr
 service-account.pem
 service-account-csr.json
+*.swp
--- a/COPYRIGHT.md
+++ b/COPYRIGHT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Copyright
+
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 # Kubernetes The Hard Way

-This tutorial walks you through setting up Kubernetes the hard way. This guide is not for people looking for a fully automated command to bring up a Kubernetes cluster. If that's you then check out [Google Kubernetes Engine](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine), or the [Getting Started Guides](http://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/).
+This tutorial walks you through setting up Kubernetes the hard way. This guide is not for people looking for a fully automated command to bring up a Kubernetes cluster. If that's you then check out [Google Kubernetes Engine](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine), or the [Getting Started Guides](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup).

 Kubernetes The Hard Way is optimized for learning, which means taking the long route to ensure you understand each task required to bootstrap a Kubernetes cluster.

 > The results of this tutorial should not be viewed as production ready, and may receive limited support from the community, but don't let that stop you from learning!

+## Copyright
+
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.
+
+
 ## Target Audience

 The target audience for this tutorial is someone planning to support a production Kubernetes cluster and wants to understand how everything fits together.
@@ -14,11 +19,11 @@ The target audience for this tutorial is someone planning to support a productio

 Kubernetes The Hard Way guides you through bootstrapping a highly available Kubernetes cluster with end-to-end encryption between components and RBAC authentication.

-* [Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) 1.10.2
-* [containerd Container Runtime](https://github.com/containerd/containerd) 1.1.0
-* [gVisor](https://github.com/google/gvisor) 08879266fef3a67fac1a77f1ea133c3ac75759dd
-* [CNI Container Networking](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) 0.6.0
-* [etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd) 3.3.5
+* [kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) v1.21.0
+* [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd) v1.4.4
+* [coredns](https://github.com/coredns/coredns) v1.8.3
+* [cni](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) v0.9.1
+* [etcd](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd) v3.4.15

 ## Labs

--- a/deployments/coredns-1.7.0.yaml
+++ b/deployments/coredns-1.7.0.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: coredns
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRole
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
+  name: system:coredns
+rules:
+- apiGroups:
+  - ""
+  resources:
+  - endpoints
+  - services
+  - pods
+  - namespaces
+  verbs:
+  - list
+  - watch
+- apiGroups:
+  - ""
+  resources:
+  - nodes
+  verbs:
+  - get
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
+  labels:
+    kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
+  name: system:coredns
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: system:coredns
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: coredns
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: coredns
+  namespace: kube-system
+data:
+  Corefile: |
+    .:53 {
+        errors
+        health
+        ready
+        kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
+          pods insecure
+          fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
+        }
+        prometheus :9153
+        cache 30
+        loop
+        reload
+        loadbalance
+    }
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: coredns
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kube-dns
+    kubernetes.io/name: "CoreDNS"
+spec:
+  replicas: 2
+  strategy:
+    type: RollingUpdate
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: kube-dns
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: kube-dns
+    spec:
+      priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
+      serviceAccountName: coredns
+      tolerations:
+        - key: "CriticalAddonsOnly"
+          operator: "Exists"
+      nodeSelector:
+        beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
+      containers:
+      - name: coredns
+        image: coredns/coredns:1.7.0
+        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
+        resources:
+          limits:
+            memory: 170Mi
+          requests:
+            cpu: 100m
+            memory: 70Mi
+        args: [ "-conf", "/etc/coredns/Corefile" ]
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: config-volume
+          mountPath: /etc/coredns
+          readOnly: true
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 53
+          name: dns
+          protocol: UDP
+        - containerPort: 53
+          name: dns-tcp
+          protocol: TCP
+        - containerPort: 9153
+          name: metrics
+          protocol: TCP
+        securityContext:
+          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
+          capabilities:
+            add:
+            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
+            drop:
+            - all
+          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
+        livenessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /health
+            port: 8080
+            scheme: HTTP
+          initialDelaySeconds: 60
+          timeoutSeconds: 5
+          successThreshold: 1
+          failureThreshold: 5
+        readinessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /ready
+            port: 8181
+            scheme: HTTP
+      dnsPolicy: Default
+      volumes:
+        - name: config-volume
+          configMap:
+            name: coredns
+            items:
+            - key: Corefile
+              path: Corefile
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: kube-dns
+  namespace: kube-system
+  annotations:
+    prometheus.io/port: "9153"
+    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kube-dns
+    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"
+    kubernetes.io/name: "CoreDNS"
+spec:
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: kube-dns
+  clusterIP: 10.32.0.10
+  ports:
+  - name: dns
+    port: 53
+    protocol: UDP
+  - name: dns-tcp
+    port: 53
+    protocol: TCP
+  - name: metrics
+    port: 9153
+    protocol: TCP
--- a/docs/01-prerequisites.md
+++ b/docs/01-prerequisites.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@

 This tutorial leverages the [Google Cloud Platform](https://cloud.google.com/) to streamline provisioning of the compute infrastructure required to bootstrap a Kubernetes cluster from the ground up. [Sign up](https://cloud.google.com/free/) for $300 in free credits.

-[Estimated cost](https://cloud.google.com/products/calculator/#id=78df6ced-9c50-48f8-a670-bc5003f2ddaa) to run this tutorial: $0.22 per hour ($5.39 per day).
+[Estimated cost](https://cloud.google.com/products/calculator#id=873932bc-0840-4176-b0fa-a8cfd4ca61ae) to run this tutorial: $0.23 per hour ($5.50 per day).

 > The compute resources required for this tutorial exceed the Google Cloud Platform free tier.

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This tutorial leverages the [Google Cloud Platform](https://cloud.google.com/) t

 Follow the Google Cloud SDK [documentation](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/) to install and configure the `gcloud` command line utility.

-Verify the Google Cloud SDK version is 200.0.0 or higher:
+Verify the Google Cloud SDK version is 338.0.0 or higher:

 ```
 gcloud version
@@ -30,7 +30,13 @@ If you are using the `gcloud` command-line tool for the first time `init` is the
 gcloud init
 ```

-Otherwise set a default compute region:
+Then be sure to authorize gcloud to access the Cloud Platform with your Google user credentials:
+
+```
+gcloud auth login
+```
+
+Next set a default compute region and compute zone:

 ```
 gcloud config set compute/region us-west1
@@ -46,12 +52,12 @@ gcloud config set compute/zone us-west1-c

 ## Running Commands in Parallel with tmux

-[tmux](https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki) can be used to run commands on multiple compute instances at the same time. Labs in this tutorial may require running the same commands across multiple compute instances, in those cases consider using tmux and splitting a window into multiple panes with `synchronize-panes` enabled to speed up the provisioning process.
+[tmux](https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki) can be used to run commands on multiple compute instances at the same time. Labs in this tutorial may require running the same commands across multiple compute instances, in those cases consider using tmux and splitting a window into multiple panes with synchronize-panes enabled to speed up the provisioning process.

 > The use of tmux is optional and not required to complete this tutorial.

 ![tmux screenshot](images/tmux-screenshot.png)

-> Enable `synchronize-panes`: `ctrl+b` then `shift :`. Then type `set synchronize-panes on` at the prompt. To disable synchronization: `set synchronize-panes off`.
+> Enable synchronize-panes by pressing `ctrl+b` followed by `shift+:`. Next type `set synchronize-panes on` at the prompt. To disable synchronization: `set synchronize-panes off`.

 Next: [Installing the Client Tools](02-client-tools.md)
--- a/docs/02-client-tools.md
+++ b/docs/02-client-tools.md
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ In this lab you will install the command line utilities required to complete thi

 The `cfssl` and `cfssljson` command line utilities will be used to provision a [PKI Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure) and generate TLS certificates.

-Download and install `cfssl` and `cfssljson` from the [cfssl repository](https://pkg.cfssl.org):
+Download and install `cfssl` and `cfssljson`:

 ### OS X

 ```
-curl -o cfssl https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_darwin-amd64
-curl -o cfssljson https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_darwin-amd64
+curl -o cfssl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/cfssl/1.4.1/darwin/cfssl
+curl -o cfssljson https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/cfssl/1.4.1/darwin/cfssljson
 ```

 ```
@@ -34,25 +34,21 @@ brew install cfssl

 ```
 wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
-  https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 \
-  https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
+  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/cfssl/1.4.1/linux/cfssl \
+  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/cfssl/1.4.1/linux/cfssljson
 ```

 ```
-chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64 cfssljson_linux-amd64
+chmod +x cfssl cfssljson
 ```

 ```
-sudo mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssl
-```
-
-```
-sudo mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssljson
+sudo mv cfssl cfssljson /usr/local/bin/
 ```

 ### Verification

-Verify `cfssl` version 1.2.0 or higher is installed:
+Verify `cfssl` and `cfssljson` version 1.4.1 or higher is installed:

 ```
 cfssl version
@@ -61,12 +57,17 @@ cfssl version
 > output

 ```
-Version: 1.2.0
-Revision: dev
-Runtime: go1.6
+Version: 1.4.1
+Runtime: go1.12.12
 ```

-> The cfssljson command line utility does not provide a way to print its version.
+```
+cfssljson --version
+```
+```
+Version: 1.4.1
+Runtime: go1.12.12
+```

 ## Install kubectl

@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ The `kubectl` command line utility is used to interact with the Kubernetes API S
 ### OS X

 ```
-curl -o kubectl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl
+curl -o kubectl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl
 ```

 ```
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/
 ### Linux

 ```
-wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
+wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
 ```

 ```
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/

 ### Verification

-Verify `kubectl` version 1.10.2 or higher is installed:
+Verify `kubectl` version 1.21.0 or higher is installed:

 ```
 kubectl version --client
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ kubectl version --client
 > output

 ```
-Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"10", GitVersion:"v1.10.2", GitCommit:"81753b10df112992bf51bbc2c2f85208aad78335", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2018-04-27T09:22:21Z", GoVersion:"go1.9.3", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
+Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:31:21Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
 ```

 Next: [Provisioning Compute Resources](03-compute-resources.md)
--- a/docs/03-compute-resources.md
+++ b/docs/03-compute-resources.md
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ gcloud compute firewall-rules list --filter="network:kubernetes-the-hard-way"
 > output

 ```
-NAME                                    NETWORK                  DIRECTION  PRIORITY  ALLOW                 DENY
-kubernetes-the-hard-way-allow-external  kubernetes-the-hard-way  INGRESS    1000      tcp:22,tcp:6443,icmp
-kubernetes-the-hard-way-allow-internal  kubernetes-the-hard-way  INGRESS    1000      tcp,udp,icmp
+NAME                                    NETWORK                  DIRECTION  PRIORITY  ALLOW                 DENY  DISABLED
+kubernetes-the-hard-way-allow-external  kubernetes-the-hard-way  INGRESS    1000      tcp:22,tcp:6443,icmp        False
+kubernetes-the-hard-way-allow-internal  kubernetes-the-hard-way  INGRESS    1000      tcp,udp,icmp                Fals
 ```

 ### Kubernetes Public IP Address
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ gcloud compute addresses list --filter="name=('kubernetes-the-hard-way')"
 > output

 ```
-NAME                     REGION    ADDRESS        STATUS
-kubernetes-the-hard-way  us-west1  XX.XXX.XXX.XX  RESERVED
+NAME                     ADDRESS/RANGE   TYPE      PURPOSE  NETWORK  REGION    SUBNET  STATUS
+kubernetes-the-hard-way  XX.XXX.XXX.XXX  EXTERNAL                    us-west1          RESERVED
 ```

 ## Compute Instances

-The compute instances in this lab will be provisioned using [Ubuntu Server](https://www.ubuntu.com/server) 18.04, which has good support for the [containerd container runtime](https://github.com/containerd/containerd). Each compute instance will be provisioned with a fixed private IP address to simplify the Kubernetes bootstrapping process.
+The compute instances in this lab will be provisioned using [Ubuntu Server](https://www.ubuntu.com/server) 20.04, which has good support for the [containerd container runtime](https://github.com/containerd/containerd). Each compute instance will be provisioned with a fixed private IP address to simplify the Kubernetes bootstrapping process.

 ### Kubernetes Controllers

@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ for i in 0 1 2; do
    --async \
    --boot-disk-size 200GB \
    --can-ip-forward \
-    --image-family ubuntu-1804-lts \
+    --image-family ubuntu-2004-lts \
    --image-project ubuntu-os-cloud \
-    --machine-type n1-standard-1 \
+    --machine-type e2-standard-2 \
    --private-network-ip 10.240.0.1${i} \
    --scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring \
    --subnet kubernetes \
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ for i in 0 1 2; do
    --async \
    --boot-disk-size 200GB \
    --can-ip-forward \
-    --image-family ubuntu-1804-lts \
+    --image-family ubuntu-2004-lts \
    --image-project ubuntu-os-cloud \
-    --machine-type n1-standard-1 \
+    --machine-type e2-standard-2 \
    --metadata pod-cidr=10.200.${i}.0/24 \
    --private-network-ip 10.240.0.2${i} \
    --scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring \
@@ -144,24 +144,24 @@ done
 List the compute instances in your default compute zone:

 ```
-gcloud compute instances list
+gcloud compute instances list --filter="tags.items=kubernetes-the-hard-way"
 ```

 > output

 ```
-NAME          ZONE        MACHINE_TYPE   PREEMPTIBLE  INTERNAL_IP  EXTERNAL_IP     STATUS
-controller-0  us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.10  XX.XXX.XXX.XXX  RUNNING
-controller-1  us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.11  XX.XXX.X.XX     RUNNING
-controller-2  us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.12  XX.XXX.XXX.XX   RUNNING
-worker-0      us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.20  XXX.XXX.XXX.XX  RUNNING
-worker-1      us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.21  XX.XXX.XX.XXX   RUNNING
-worker-2      us-west1-c  n1-standard-1               10.240.0.22  XXX.XXX.XX.XX   RUNNING
+NAME          ZONE        MACHINE_TYPE   PREEMPTIBLE  INTERNAL_IP  EXTERNAL_IP    STATUS
+controller-0  us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.10  XX.XX.XX.XXX   RUNNING
+controller-1  us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.11  XX.XXX.XXX.XX  RUNNING
+controller-2  us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.12  XX.XXX.XX.XXX  RUNNING
+worker-0      us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.20  XX.XX.XXX.XXX  RUNNING
+worker-1      us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.21  XX.XX.XX.XXX   RUNNING
+worker-2      us-west1-c  e2-standard-2               10.240.0.22  XX.XXX.XX.XX   RUNNING
 ```

 ## Configuring SSH Access

-SSH will be used to configure the controller and worker instances. When connecting to compute instances for the first time SSH keys will be generated for you and stored in the project or instance metadata as describe in the [connecting to instances](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/connecting-to-instance) documentation.
+SSH will be used to configure the controller and worker instances. When connecting to compute instances for the first time SSH keys will be generated for you and stored in the project or instance metadata as described in the [connecting to instances](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/connecting-to-instance) documentation.

 Test SSH access to the `controller-0` compute instances:

@@ -208,11 +208,8 @@ Waiting for SSH key to propagate.
 After the SSH keys have been updated you'll be logged into the `controller-0` instance:

 ```
-Welcome to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.15.0-1006-gcp x86_64)
-
+Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-1042-gcp x86_64)
 ...
-
-Last login: Sun May 13 14:34:27 2018 from XX.XXX.XXX.XX
 ```

 Type `exit` at the prompt to exit the `controller-0` compute instance:
@@ -224,7 +221,7 @@ $USER@controller-0:~$ exit

 ```
 logout
-Connection to XX.XXX.XXX.XXX closed
+Connection to XX.XX.XX.XXX closed
 ```

 Next: [Provisioning a CA and Generating TLS Certificates](04-certificate-authority.md)
--- a/docs/04-certificate-authority.md
+++ b/docs/04-certificate-authority.md
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes-the-har
  --region $(gcloud config get-value compute/region) \
  --format 'value(address)')

+KUBERNETES_HOSTNAMES=kubernetes,kubernetes.default,kubernetes.default.svc,kubernetes.default.svc.cluster,kubernetes.svc.cluster.local
+
 cat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
 {
  "CN": "kubernetes",
@@ -326,13 +328,15 @@ cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
-  -hostname=10.32.0.1,10.240.0.10,10.240.0.11,10.240.0.12,${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS},127.0.0.1,kubernetes.default \
+  -hostname=10.32.0.1,10.240.0.10,10.240.0.11,10.240.0.12,${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS},127.0.0.1,${KUBERNETES_HOSTNAMES} \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes

 }
 ```

+> The Kubernetes API server is automatically assigned the `kubernetes` internal dns name, which will be linked to the first IP address (`10.32.0.1`) from the address range (`10.32.0.0/24`) reserved for internal cluster services during the [control plane bootstrapping](08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md#configure-the-kubernetes-api-server) lab.
+
 Results:

 ```
@@ -342,7 +346,7 @@ kubernetes.pem

 ## The Service Account Key Pair

-The Kubernetes Controller Manager leverages a key pair to generate and sign service account tokens as describe in the [managing service accounts](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/service-accounts-admin/) documentation.
+The Kubernetes Controller Manager leverages a key pair to generate and sign service account tokens as described in the [managing service accounts](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/service-accounts-admin/) documentation.

 Generate the `service-account` certificate and private key:

--- a/docs/05-kubernetes-configuration-files.md
+++ b/docs/05-kubernetes-configuration-files.md
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes-the-har

 When generating kubeconfig files for Kubelets the client certificate matching the Kubelet's node name must be used. This will ensure Kubelets are properly authorized by the Kubernetes [Node Authorizer](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/node/).

+> The following commands must be run in the same directory used to generate the SSL certificates during the [Generating TLS Certificates](04-certificate-authority.md) lab.
+
 Generate a kubeconfig file for each worker node:

 ```
--- a/docs/07-bootstrapping-etcd.md
+++ b/docs/07-bootstrapping-etcd.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Bootstrapping the etcd Cluster

-Kubernetes components are stateless and store cluster state in [etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd). In this lab you will bootstrap a three node etcd cluster and configure it for high availability and secure remote access.
+Kubernetes components are stateless and store cluster state in [etcd](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd). In this lab you will bootstrap a three node etcd cluster and configure it for high availability and secure remote access.

 ## Prerequisites

@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ gcloud compute ssh controller-0

 ### Download and Install the etcd Binaries

-Download the official etcd release binaries from the [coreos/etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd) GitHub project:
+Download the official etcd release binaries from the [etcd](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd) GitHub project:

 ```
 wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
-  "https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/download/v3.3.5/etcd-v3.3.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+  "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.15/etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
 ```

 Extract and install the `etcd` server and the `etcdctl` command line utility:

 ```
 {
-  tar -xvf etcd-v3.3.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-  sudo mv etcd-v3.3.5-linux-amd64/etcd* /usr/local/bin/
+  tar -xvf etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz
+  sudo mv etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64/etcd* /usr/local/bin/
 }
 ```

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ Extract and install the `etcd` server and the `etcdctl` command line utility:
 ```
 {
  sudo mkdir -p /etc/etcd /var/lib/etcd
+  sudo chmod 700 /var/lib/etcd
  sudo cp ca.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem /etc/etcd/
 }
 ```
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ Description=etcd
 Documentation=https://github.com/coreos

 [Service]
+Type=notify
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/etcd \\
  --name ${ETCD_NAME} \\
  --cert-file=/etc/etcd/kubernetes.pem \\
@@ -118,9 +120,9 @@ sudo ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl member list \
 > output

 ```
-3a57933972cb5131, started, controller-2, https://10.240.0.12:2380, https://10.240.0.12:2379
-f98dc20bce6225a0, started, controller-0, https://10.240.0.10:2380, https://10.240.0.10:2379
-ffed16798470cab5, started, controller-1, https://10.240.0.11:2380, https://10.240.0.11:2379
+3a57933972cb5131, started, controller-2, https://10.240.0.12:2380, https://10.240.0.12:2379, false
+f98dc20bce6225a0, started, controller-0, https://10.240.0.10:2380, https://10.240.0.10:2379, false
+ffed16798470cab5, started, controller-1, https://10.240.0.11:2380, https://10.240.0.11:2379, false
 ```

 Next: [Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Control Plane](08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md)
--- a/docs/08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md
+++ b/docs/08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ Download the official Kubernetes release binaries:

 ```
 wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
-  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver" \
-  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager" \
-  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler" \
-  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"
+  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver" \
+  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager" \
+  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler" \
+  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"
 ```

 Install the Kubernetes binaries:
@@ -62,6 +62,17 @@ INTERNAL_IP=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
  http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/0/ip)
 ```

+```
+REGION=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
+  http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/google-compute-default-region)
+```
+
+```
+KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes-the-hard-way \
+  --region $REGION \
+  --format 'value(address)')
+```
+
 Create the `kube-apiserver.service` systemd unit file:

 ```
@@ -82,20 +93,20 @@ ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver \\
  --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC \\
  --bind-address=0.0.0.0 \\
  --client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
-  --enable-admission-plugins=Initializers,NamespaceLifecycle,NodeRestriction,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,DefaultStorageClass,ResourceQuota \\
-  --enable-swagger-ui=true \\
+  --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,NodeRestriction,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,DefaultStorageClass,ResourceQuota \\
  --etcd-cafile=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --etcd-certfile=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
  --etcd-keyfile=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
  --etcd-servers=https://10.240.0.10:2379,https://10.240.0.11:2379,https://10.240.0.12:2379 \\
  --event-ttl=1h \\
-  --experimental-encryption-provider-config=/var/lib/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml \\
+  --encryption-provider-config=/var/lib/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml \\
  --kubelet-certificate-authority=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --kubelet-client-certificate=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
  --kubelet-client-key=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
-  --kubelet-https=true \\
-  --runtime-config=api/all \\
+  --runtime-config='api/all=true' \\
  --service-account-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account.pem \\
+  --service-account-signing-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account-key.pem \\
+  --service-account-issuer=https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443 \\
  --service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \\
  --service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \\
  --tls-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
@@ -127,7 +138,7 @@ Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

 [Service]
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-controller-manager \\
-  --address=0.0.0.0 \\
+  --bind-address=0.0.0.0 \\
  --cluster-cidr=10.200.0.0/16 \\
  --cluster-name=kubernetes \\
  --cluster-signing-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
@@ -159,7 +170,7 @@ Create the `kube-scheduler.yaml` configuration file:

 ```
 cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/kubernetes/config/kube-scheduler.yaml
-apiVersion: componentconfig/v1alpha1
+apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
 kind: KubeSchedulerConfiguration
 clientConnection:
  kubeconfig: "/var/lib/kubernetes/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig"
@@ -209,6 +220,7 @@ A [Google Network Load Balancer](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-bala
 Install a basic web server to handle HTTP health checks:

 ```
+sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install -y nginx
 ```

@@ -246,16 +258,11 @@ sudo systemctl enable nginx
 ### Verification

 ```
-kubectl get componentstatuses --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig
+kubectl cluster-info --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig
 ```

 ```
-NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE              ERROR
-controller-manager   Healthy   ok
-scheduler            Healthy   ok
-etcd-2               Healthy   {"health": "true"}
-etcd-0               Healthy   {"health": "true"}
-etcd-1               Healthy   {"health": "true"}
+Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:6443
 ```

 Test the nginx HTTP health check proxy:
@@ -266,11 +273,15 @@ curl -H "Host: kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" -i http://127.0.0.1/healthz

 ```
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-Server: nginx/1.14.0 (Ubuntu)
-Date: Mon, 14 May 2018 13:45:39 GMT
+Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
+Date: Sun, 02 May 2021 04:19:29 GMT
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
 Content-Length: 2
 Connection: keep-alive
+Cache-Control: no-cache, private
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Kubernetes-Pf-Flowschema-Uid: c43f32eb-e038-457f-9474-571d43e5c325
+X-Kubernetes-Pf-Prioritylevel-Uid: 8ba5908f-5569-4330-80fd-c643e7512366

 ok
 ```
@@ -283,6 +294,8 @@ In this section you will configure RBAC permissions to allow the Kubernetes API

 > This tutorial sets the Kubelet `--authorization-mode` flag to `Webhook`. Webhook mode uses the [SubjectAccessReview](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/#checking-api-access) API to determine authorization.

+The commands in this section will effect the entire cluster and only need to be run once from one of the controller nodes.
+
 ```
 gcloud compute ssh controller-0
 ```
@@ -291,7 +304,7 @@ Create the `system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet` [ClusterRole](https://kubernetes.i

 ```
 cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
 kind: ClusterRole
 metadata:
  annotations:
@@ -319,7 +332,7 @@ Bind the `system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet` ClusterRole to the `kubernetes` user

 ```
 cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
 kind: ClusterRoleBinding
 metadata:
  name: system:kube-apiserver
@@ -339,7 +352,7 @@ EOF

 In this section you will provision an external load balancer to front the Kubernetes API Servers. The `kubernetes-the-hard-way` static IP address will be attached to the resulting load balancer.

-> The compute instances created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. Run the following commands from the same machine used to create the compute instances.
+> The compute instances created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. **Run the following commands from the same machine used to create the compute instances**.


 ### Provision a Network Load Balancer
@@ -378,6 +391,8 @@ Create the external load balancer network resources:

 ### Verification

+> The compute instances created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. **Run the following commands from the same machine used to create the compute instances**.
+
 Retrieve the `kubernetes-the-hard-way` static IP address:

 ```
@@ -397,12 +412,12 @@ curl --cacert ca.pem https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443/version
 ```
 {
  "major": "1",
-  "minor": "10",
-  "gitVersion": "v1.10.2",
-  "gitCommit": "81753b10df112992bf51bbc2c2f85208aad78335",
+  "minor": "21",
+  "gitVersion": "v1.21.0",
+  "gitCommit": "cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479",
  "gitTreeState": "clean",
-  "buildDate": "2018-04-27T09:10:24Z",
-  "goVersion": "go1.9.3",
+  "buildDate": "2021-04-08T16:25:06Z",
+  "goVersion": "go1.16.1",
  "compiler": "gc",
  "platform": "linux/amd64"
 }
--- a/docs/09-bootstrapping-kubernetes-workers.md
+++ b/docs/09-bootstrapping-kubernetes-workers.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Worker Nodes

-In this lab you will bootstrap three Kubernetes worker nodes. The following components will be installed on each node: [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc), [gVisor](https://github.com/google/gvisor), [container networking plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni), [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd), [kubelet](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kubelet), and [kube-proxy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/proxies).
+In this lab you will bootstrap three Kubernetes worker nodes. The following components will be installed on each node: [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc), [container networking plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni), [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd), [kubelet](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kubelet), and [kube-proxy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/proxies).

 ## Prerequisites

@@ -27,18 +27,35 @@ Install the OS dependencies:

 > The socat binary enables support for the `kubectl port-forward` command.

+### Disable Swap
+
+By default the kubelet will fail to start if [swap](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq) is enabled. It is [recommended](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/7294) that swap be disabled to ensure Kubernetes can provide proper resource allocation and quality of service.
+
+Verify if swap is enabled:
+
+```
+sudo swapon --show
+```
+
+If output is empthy then swap is not enabled. If swap is enabled run the following command to disable swap immediately:
+
+```
+sudo swapoff -a
+```
+
+> To ensure swap remains off after reboot consult your Linux distro documentation.
+
 ### Download and Install Worker Binaries

 ```
 wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
-  https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.0.0-beta.0/crictl-v1.0.0-beta.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
-  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/runsc \
-  https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.0.0-rc5/runc.amd64 \
-  https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.6.0/cni-plugins-amd64-v0.6.0.tgz \
-  https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.1.0/containerd-1.1.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz \
-  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \
-  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \
-  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.10.2/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet
+  https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.21.0/crictl-v1.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
+  https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.0.0-rc93/runc.amd64 \
+  https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.9.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.9.1.tgz \
+  https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.4.4/containerd-1.4.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
+  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \
+  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \
+  https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet
 ```

 Create the installation directories:
@@ -57,12 +74,14 @@ Install the worker binaries:

 ```
 {
-  chmod +x kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc.amd64 runsc
+  mkdir containerd
+  tar -xvf crictl-v1.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
+  tar -xvf containerd-1.4.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C containerd
+  sudo tar -xvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.9.1.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/
  sudo mv runc.amd64 runc
-  sudo mv kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc runsc /usr/local/bin/
-  sudo tar -xvf crictl-v1.0.0-beta.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/bin/
-  sudo tar -xvf cni-plugins-amd64-v0.6.0.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/
-  sudo tar -xvf containerd-1.1.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /
+  chmod +x crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc 
+  sudo mv crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc /usr/local/bin/
+  sudo mv containerd/bin/* /bin/
 }
 ```

@@ -80,7 +99,7 @@ Create the `bridge` network configuration file:
 ```
 cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/10-bridge.conf
 {
-    "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
+    "cniVersion": "0.4.0",
    "name": "bridge",
    "type": "bridge",
    "bridge": "cnio0",
@@ -102,7 +121,8 @@ Create the `loopback` network configuration file:
 ```
 cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/99-loopback.conf
 {
-    "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
+    "cniVersion": "0.4.0",
+    "name": "lo",
    "type": "loopback"
 }
 EOF
@@ -125,15 +145,9 @@ cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml
      runtime_type = "io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"
      runtime_engine = "/usr/local/bin/runc"
      runtime_root = ""
-    [plugins.cri.containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime]
-      runtime_type = "io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"
-      runtime_engine = "/usr/local/bin/runsc"
-      runtime_root = "/run/containerd/runsc"
 EOF
 ```

-> Untrusted workloads will be run using the gVisor (runsc) runtime.
-
 Create the `containerd.service` systemd unit file:

 ```
@@ -189,12 +203,15 @@ clusterDomain: "cluster.local"
 clusterDNS:
  - "10.32.0.10"
 podCIDR: "${POD_CIDR}"
+resolvConf: "/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf"
 runtimeRequestTimeout: "15m"
 tlsCertFile: "/var/lib/kubelet/${HOSTNAME}.pem"
 tlsPrivateKeyFile: "/var/lib/kubelet/${HOSTNAME}-key.pem"
 EOF
 ```

+> The `resolvConf` configuration is used to avoid loops when using CoreDNS for service discovery on systems running `systemd-resolved`. 
+
 Create the `kubelet.service` systemd unit file:

 ```
@@ -287,10 +304,10 @@ gcloud compute ssh controller-0 \
 > output

 ```
-NAME       STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION
-worker-0   Ready     <none>    20s       v1.10.2
-worker-1   Ready     <none>    20s       v1.10.2
-worker-2   Ready     <none>    20s       v1.10.2
+NAME       STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
+worker-0   Ready    <none>   22s   v1.21.0
+worker-1   Ready    <none>   22s   v1.21.0
+worker-2   Ready    <none>   22s   v1.21.0
 ```

 Next: [Configuring kubectl for Remote Access](10-configuring-kubectl.md)
--- a/docs/10-configuring-kubectl.md
+++ b/docs/10-configuring-kubectl.md
@@ -35,21 +35,17 @@ Generate a kubeconfig file suitable for authenticating as the `admin` user:

 ## Verification

-Check the health of the remote Kubernetes cluster:
+Check the version of the remote Kubernetes cluster:

 ```
-kubectl get componentstatuses
+kubectl version
 ```

 > output

 ```
-NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
-controller-manager   Healthy   ok
-scheduler            Healthy   ok
-etcd-1               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
-etcd-2               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
-etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
+Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:31:21Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
+Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:25:06Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
 ```

 List the nodes in the remote Kubernetes cluster:
@@ -61,10 +57,10 @@ kubectl get nodes
 > output

 ```
-NAME       STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION
-worker-0   Ready     <none>    1m        v1.10.2
-worker-1   Ready     <none>    1m        v1.10.2
-worker-2   Ready     <none>    1m        v1.10.2
+NAME       STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
+worker-0   Ready    <none>   2m35s   v1.21.0
+worker-1   Ready    <none>   2m35s   v1.21.0
+worker-2   Ready    <none>   2m35s   v1.21.0
 ```

 Next: [Provisioning Pod Network Routes](11-pod-network-routes.md)
--- a/docs/11-pod-network-routes.md
+++ b/docs/11-pod-network-routes.md
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ gcloud compute routes list --filter "network: kubernetes-the-hard-way"

 ```
 NAME                            NETWORK                  DEST_RANGE     NEXT_HOP                  PRIORITY
-default-route-236a40a8bc992b5b  kubernetes-the-hard-way  0.0.0.0/0      default-internet-gateway  1000
-default-route-df77b1e818a56b30  kubernetes-the-hard-way  10.240.0.0/24                            1000
+default-route-1606ba68df692422  kubernetes-the-hard-way  10.240.0.0/24  kubernetes-the-hard-way   0
+default-route-615e3652a8b74e4d  kubernetes-the-hard-way  0.0.0.0/0      default-internet-gateway  1000
 kubernetes-route-10-200-0-0-24  kubernetes-the-hard-way  10.200.0.0/24  10.240.0.20               1000
 kubernetes-route-10-200-1-0-24  kubernetes-the-hard-way  10.200.1.0/24  10.240.0.21               1000
 kubernetes-route-10-200-2-0-24  kubernetes-the-hard-way  10.200.2.0/24  10.240.0.22               1000
--- a/docs/12-dns-addon.md
+++ b/docs/12-dns-addon.md
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 # Deploying the DNS Cluster Add-on

-In this lab you will deploy the [DNS add-on](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) which provides DNS based service discovery to applications running inside the Kubernetes cluster.
+In this lab you will deploy the [DNS add-on](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) which provides DNS based service discovery, backed by [CoreDNS](https://coredns.io/), to applications running inside the Kubernetes cluster.

 ## The DNS Cluster Add-on

-Deploy the `kube-dns` cluster add-on:
+Deploy the `coredns` cluster add-on:

 ```
-kubectl create -f https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/kube-dns.yaml
+kubectl apply -f https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/coredns-1.8.yaml
 ```

 > output

 ```
-service "kube-dns" created
-serviceaccount "kube-dns" created
-configmap "kube-dns" created
-deployment.extensions "kube-dns" created
+serviceaccount/coredns created
+clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:coredns created
+clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:coredns created
+configmap/coredns created
+deployment.apps/coredns created
+service/kube-dns created
 ```

 List the pods created by the `kube-dns` deployment:
@@ -28,8 +30,9 @@ kubectl get pods -l k8s-app=kube-dns -n kube-system
 > output

 ```
-NAME                        READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
-kube-dns-3097350089-gq015   3/3       Running   0          20s
+NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+coredns-8494f9c688-hh7r2   1/1     Running   0          10s
+coredns-8494f9c688-zqrj2   1/1     Running   0          10s
 ```

 ## Verification
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ kube-dns-3097350089-gq015   3/3       Running   0          20s
 Create a `busybox` deployment:

 ```
-kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --command -- sleep 3600
+kubectl run busybox --image=busybox:1.28 --command -- sleep 3600
 ```

 List the pod created by the `busybox` deployment:
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ kubectl get pods -l run=busybox
 > output

 ```
-NAME                       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
-busybox-2125412808-mt2vb   1/1       Running   0          15s
+NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+busybox   1/1     Running   0          3s
 ```

 Retrieve the full name of the `busybox` pod:
--- a/docs/13-smoke-test.md
+++ b/docs/13-smoke-test.md
@@ -32,18 +32,25 @@ gcloud compute ssh controller-0 \
 00000010  73 2f 64 65 66 61 75 6c  74 2f 6b 75 62 65 72 6e  |s/default/kubern|
 00000020  65 74 65 73 2d 74 68 65  2d 68 61 72 64 2d 77 61  |etes-the-hard-wa|
 00000030  79 0a 6b 38 73 3a 65 6e  63 3a 61 65 73 63 62 63  |y.k8s:enc:aescbc|
-00000040  3a 76 31 3a 6b 65 79 31  3a 7b 8e 59 78 0f 59 09  |:v1:key1:{.Yx.Y.|
-00000050  e2 6a ce cd f4 b6 4e ec  bc 91 aa 87 06 29 39 8d  |.j....N......)9.|
-00000060  70 e8 5d c4 b1 66 69 49  60 8f c0 cc 55 d3 69 2b  |p.]..fiI`...U.i+|
-00000070  49 bb 0e 7b 90 10 b0 85  5b b1 e2 c6 33 b6 b7 31  |I..{....[...3..1|
-00000080  25 99 a1 60 8f 40 a9 e5  55 8c 0f 26 ae 76 dc 5b  |%..`.@..U..&.v.[|
-00000090  78 35 f5 3e c1 1e bc 21  bb 30 e2 0c e3 80 1e 33  |x5.>...!.0.....3|
-000000a0  90 79 46 6d 23 d8 f9 a2  d7 5d ed 4d 82 2e 9a 5e  |.yFm#....].M...^|
-000000b0  5d b6 3c 34 37 51 4b 83  de 99 1a ea 0f 2f 7c 9b  |].<47QK....../|.|
-000000c0  46 15 93 aa ba 72 ba b9  bd e1 a3 c0 45 90 b1 de  |F....r......E...|
-000000d0  c4 2e c8 d0 94 ec 25 69  7b af 08 34 93 12 3d 1c  |......%i{..4..=.|
-000000e0  fd 23 9b ba e8 d1 25 56  f4 0a                    |.#....%V..|
-000000ea
+00000040  3a 76 31 3a 6b 65 79 31  3a 97 d1 2c cd 89 0d 08  |:v1:key1:..,....|
+00000050  29 3c 7d 19 41 cb ea d7  3d 50 45 88 82 a3 1f 11  |)<}.A...=PE.....|
+00000060  26 cb 43 2e c8 cf 73 7d  34 7e b1 7f 9f 71 d2 51  |&.C...s}4~...q.Q|
+00000070  45 05 16 e9 07 d4 62 af  f8 2e 6d 4a cf c8 e8 75  |E.....b...mJ...u|
+00000080  6b 75 1e b7 64 db 7d 7f  fd f3 96 62 e2 a7 ce 22  |ku..d.}....b..."|
+00000090  2b 2a 82 01 c3 f5 83 ae  12 8b d5 1d 2e e6 a9 90  |+*..............|
+000000a0  bd f0 23 6c 0c 55 e2 52  18 78 fe bf 6d 76 ea 98  |..#l.U.R.x..mv..|
+000000b0  fc 2c 17 36 e3 40 87 15  25 13 be d6 04 88 68 5b  |.,.6.@..%.....h[|
+000000c0  a4 16 81 f6 8e 3b 10 46  cb 2c ba 21 35 0c 5b 49  |.....;.F.,.!5.[I|
+000000d0  e5 27 20 4c b3 8e 6b d0  91 c2 28 f1 cc fa 6a 1b  |.' L..k...(...j.|
+000000e0  31 19 74 e7 a5 66 6a 99  1c 84 c7 e0 b0 fc 32 86  |1.t..fj.......2.|
+000000f0  f3 29 5a a4 1c d5 a4 e3  63 26 90 95 1e 27 d0 14  |.)Z.....c&...'..|
+00000100  94 f0 ac 1a cd 0d b9 4b  ae 32 02 a0 f8 b7 3f 0b  |.......K.2....?.|
+00000110  6f ad 1f 4d 15 8a d6 68  95 63 cf 7d 04 9a 52 71  |o..M...h.c.}..Rq|
+00000120  75 ff 87 6b c5 42 e1 72  27 b5 e9 1a fe e8 c0 3f  |u..k.B.r'......?|
+00000130  d9 04 5e eb 5d 43 0d 90  ce fa 04 a8 4a b0 aa 01  |..^.]C......J...|
+00000140  cf 6d 5b 80 70 5b 99 3c  d6 5c c0 dc d1 f5 52 4a  |.m[.p[.<.\....RJ|
+00000150  2c 2d 28 5a 63 57 8e 4f  df 0a                    |,-(ZcW.O..|
+0000015a
 ```

 The etcd key should be prefixed with `k8s:enc:aescbc:v1:key1`, which indicates the `aescbc` provider was used to encrypt the data with the `key1` encryption key.
@@ -55,20 +62,20 @@ In this section you will verify the ability to create and manage [Deployments](h
 Create a deployment for the [nginx](https://nginx.org/en/) web server:

 ```
-kubectl run nginx --image=nginx
+kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx
 ```

 List the pod created by the `nginx` deployment:

 ```
-kubectl get pods -l run=nginx
+kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
 ```

 > output

 ```
-NAME                     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
-nginx-65899c769f-xkfcn   1/1       Running   0          15s
+NAME                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+nginx-f89759699-kpn5m   1/1     Running   0          10s
 ```

 ### Port Forwarding
@@ -78,7 +85,7 @@ In this section you will verify the ability to access applications remotely usin
 Retrieve the full name of the `nginx` pod:

 ```
-POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -l run=nginx -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
+POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
 ```

 Forward port `8080` on your local machine to port `80` of the `nginx` pod:
@@ -104,13 +111,13 @@ curl --head http://127.0.0.1:8080

 ```
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-Server: nginx/1.13.12
-Date: Mon, 14 May 2018 13:59:21 GMT
+Server: nginx/1.19.10
+Date: Sun, 02 May 2021 05:29:25 GMT
 Content-Type: text/html
 Content-Length: 612
-Last-Modified: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 16:01:09 GMT
+Last-Modified: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 15:13:59 GMT
 Connection: keep-alive
-ETag: "5acb8e45-264"
+ETag: "6075b537-264"
 Accept-Ranges: bytes
 ```

@@ -136,7 +143,8 @@ kubectl logs $POD_NAME
 > output

 ```
-127.0.0.1 - - [14/May/2018:13:59:21 +0000] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "curl/7.52.1" "-"
+...
+127.0.0.1 - - [02/May/2021:05:29:25 +0000] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "curl/7.64.0" "-"
 ```

 ### Exec
@@ -152,7 +160,7 @@ kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- nginx -v
 > output

 ```
-nginx version: nginx/1.13.12
+nginx version: nginx/1.19.10
 ```

 ## Services
@@ -199,128 +207,14 @@ curl -I http://${EXTERNAL_IP}:${NODE_PORT}

 ```
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-Server: nginx/1.13.12
-Date: Mon, 14 May 2018 14:01:30 GMT
+Server: nginx/1.19.10
+Date: Sun, 02 May 2021 05:31:52 GMT
 Content-Type: text/html
 Content-Length: 612
-Last-Modified: Mon, 09 Apr 2018 16:01:09 GMT
+Last-Modified: Tue, 13 Apr 2021 15:13:59 GMT
 Connection: keep-alive
-ETag: "5acb8e45-264"
+ETag: "6075b537-264"
 Accept-Ranges: bytes
 ```

-## Untrusted Workloads
-
-This section will verify the ability to run untrusted workloads using [gVisor](https://github.com/google/gvisor).
-
-Create the `untrusted` pod:
-
-```
-cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Pod
-metadata:
-  name: untrusted
-  annotations:
-    io.kubernetes.cri.untrusted-workload: "true"
-spec:
-  containers:
-    - name: webserver
-      image: gcr.io/hightowerlabs/helloworld:2.0.0
-EOF
-```
-
-### Verification
-
-In this section you will verify the `untrusted` pod is running under gVisor (runsc) by inspecting the assigned worker node.
-
-Verify the `untrusted` pod is running:
-
-```
-kubectl get pods -o wide
-```
-```
-NAME                       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP           NODE
-busybox-68654f944b-djjjb   1/1       Running   0          5m        10.200.0.2   worker-0
-nginx-65899c769f-xkfcn     1/1       Running   0          4m        10.200.1.2   worker-1
-untrusted                  1/1       Running   0          10s       10.200.0.3   worker-0
-```
-
-
-Get the node name where the `untrusted` pod is running:
-
-```
-INSTANCE_NAME=$(kubectl get pod untrusted --output=jsonpath='{.spec.nodeName}')
-```
-
-SSH into the worker node:
-
-```
-gcloud compute ssh ${INSTANCE_NAME}
-```
-
-List the containers running under gVisor:
-
-```
-sudo runsc --root  /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io list
-```
-```
-I0514 14:03:56.108368   14988 x:0] ***************************
-I0514 14:03:56.108548   14988 x:0] Args: [runsc --root /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io list]
-I0514 14:03:56.108730   14988 x:0] Git Revision: 08879266fef3a67fac1a77f1ea133c3ac75759dd
-I0514 14:03:56.108787   14988 x:0] PID: 14988
-I0514 14:03:56.108838   14988 x:0] UID: 0, GID: 0
-I0514 14:03:56.108877   14988 x:0] Configuration:
-I0514 14:03:56.108912   14988 x:0]              RootDir: /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io
-I0514 14:03:56.109000   14988 x:0]              Platform: ptrace
-I0514 14:03:56.109080   14988 x:0]              FileAccess: proxy, overlay: false
-I0514 14:03:56.109159   14988 x:0]              Network: sandbox, logging: false
-I0514 14:03:56.109238   14988 x:0]              Strace: false, max size: 1024, syscalls: []
-I0514 14:03:56.109315   14988 x:0] ***************************
-ID                                                                 PID         STATUS      BUNDLE                                                           CREATED                          OWNER
-3528c6b270c76858e15e10ede61bd1100b77519e7c9972d51b370d6a3c60adbb   14766       running     /run/containerd/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/k8s.io/3528c6b270c76858e15e10ede61bd1100b77519e7c9972d51b370d6a3c60adbb   2018-05-14T14:02:34.302378996Z
-7ff747c919c2dcf31e64d7673340885138317c91c7c51ec6302527df680ba981   14716       running     /run/containerd/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/k8s.io/7ff747c919c2dcf31e64d7673340885138317c91c7c51ec6302527df680ba981   2018-05-14T14:02:32.159552044Z
-I0514 14:03:56.111287   14988 x:0] Exiting with status: 0
-```
-
-Get the ID of the `untrusted` pod:
-
-```
-POD_ID=$(sudo crictl -r unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock \
-  pods --name untrusted -q)
-```
-
-Get the ID of the `webserver` container running in the `untrusted` pod:
-
-```
-CONTAINER_ID=$(sudo crictl -r unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock \
-  ps -p ${POD_ID} -q)
-```
-
-Use the gVisor `runsc` command to display the processes running inside the `webserver` container:
-
-```
-sudo runsc --root /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io ps ${CONTAINER_ID}
-```
-
-> output
-
-```
-I0514 14:05:16.499237   15096 x:0] ***************************
-I0514 14:05:16.499542   15096 x:0] Args: [runsc --root /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io ps 3528c6b270c76858e15e10ede61bd1100b77519e7c9972d51b370d6a3c60adbb]
-I0514 14:05:16.499597   15096 x:0] Git Revision: 08879266fef3a67fac1a77f1ea133c3ac75759dd
-I0514 14:05:16.499644   15096 x:0] PID: 15096
-I0514 14:05:16.499695   15096 x:0] UID: 0, GID: 0
-I0514 14:05:16.499734   15096 x:0] Configuration:
-I0514 14:05:16.499769   15096 x:0]              RootDir: /run/containerd/runsc/k8s.io
-I0514 14:05:16.499880   15096 x:0]              Platform: ptrace
-I0514 14:05:16.499962   15096 x:0]              FileAccess: proxy, overlay: false
-I0514 14:05:16.500042   15096 x:0]              Network: sandbox, logging: false
-I0514 14:05:16.500120   15096 x:0]              Strace: false, max size: 1024, syscalls: []
-I0514 14:05:16.500197   15096 x:0] ***************************
-UID       PID       PPID      C         STIME     TIME      CMD
-0         1         0         0         14:02     40ms      app
-I0514 14:05:16.501354   15096 x:0] Exiting with status: 0
-```
-
 Next: [Cleaning Up](14-cleanup.md)
--- a/docs/14-cleanup.md
+++ b/docs/14-cleanup.md
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ Delete the controller and worker compute instances:
 ```
 gcloud -q compute instances delete \
  controller-0 controller-1 controller-2 \
-  worker-0 worker-1 worker-2
+  worker-0 worker-1 worker-2 \
+  --zone $(gcloud config get-value compute/zone)
 ```

 ## Networking
@@ -53,3 +54,10 @@ Delete the `kubernetes-the-hard-way` network VPC:
  gcloud -q compute networks delete kubernetes-the-hard-way
 }
 ```
+
+Delete the `kubernetes-the-hard-way` compute address:
+
+```
+gcloud -q compute addresses delete kubernetes-the-hard-way \
+  --region $(gcloud config get-value compute/region)
+```
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Kelsey Hightower	8b92b87aa3	Update to Kubernetes 1.21.0	2021-05-01 22:49:21 -07:00
Kelsey Hightower	ca96371e4d	Update to Kubernetes 1.18.6	2020-07-18 00:42:18 -07:00
Kelsey Hightower	5c462220b7	Update to Kubernetes 1.15.3	2019-09-15 12:10:26 -07:00
Kelsey Hightower	bf2850974e	Update to Kubernetes 1.12.0 and add CoreDNS support	2018-09-30 19:35:05 +00:00