kubernetes-the-hard-way/docs/09-bootstrapping-kubernetes...

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# Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Worker Nodes
In this lab you will bootstrap three Kubernetes worker nodes. The following components will be installed on each node: [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc), [container networking plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni), [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd), [kubelet](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kubelet), and [kube-proxy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/proxies).
## Prerequisites
The commands in this lab must be run on each worker instance: `worker-0`, `worker-1`, and `worker-2`. Login to each worker instance using the `gcloud` command. Example:
```
gcloud compute ssh worker-0
```
### Running commands in parallel with tmux
[tmux](https://github.com/tmux/tmux/wiki) can be used to run commands on multiple compute instances at the same time. See the [Running commands in parallel with tmux](01-prerequisites.md#running-commands-in-parallel-with-tmux) section in the Prerequisites lab.
## Provisioning a Kubernetes Worker Node
Install the OS dependencies:
```
{
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y install socat conntrack ipset
}
```
> The socat binary enables support for the `kubectl port-forward` command.
### Disable Swap
By default the kubelet will fail to start if [swap](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq) is enabled. It is [recommended](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/7294) that swap be disabled to ensure Kubernetes can provide proper resource allocation and quality of service.
Verify if swap is enabled:
```
sudo swapon --show
```
If output is empthy then swap is not enabled. If swap is enabled run the following command to disable swap immediately:
```
sudo swapoff -a
```
> To ensure swap remains off after reboot consult your Linux distro documentation.
### Download and Install Worker Binaries
```
wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.26.0/crictl-v1.26.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.1.4/runc.amd64 \
https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.2.0/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.2.0.tgz \
https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.6.15/containerd-1.6.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.1/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.1/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.1/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet
```
Create the installation directories:
```
sudo mkdir -p \
/etc/cni/net.d \
/opt/cni/bin \
/var/lib/kubelet \
/var/lib/kube-proxy \
/var/lib/kubernetes \
/var/run/kubernetes
```
Install the worker binaries:
```
{
mkdir containerd
tar -xvf crictl-v1.26.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -xvf containerd-1.6.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C containerd
sudo tar -xvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.2.0.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/
sudo mv runc.amd64 runc
chmod +x crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc
sudo mv crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc /usr/local/bin/
sudo mv containerd/bin/* /bin/
}
```
### Configure CNI Networking
Retrieve the Pod CIDR range for the current compute instance:
```
POD_CIDR=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/pod-cidr)
```
Create the `bridge` network configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/10-bridge.conf
{
"cniVersion": "0.4.0",
"name": "bridge",
"type": "bridge",
"bridge": "cnio0",
"isGateway": true,
"ipMasq": true,
"ipam": {
"type": "host-local",
"ranges": [
[{"subnet": "${POD_CIDR}"}]
],
"routes": [{"dst": "0.0.0.0/0"}]
}
}
EOF
```
Create the `loopback` network configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/99-loopback.conf
{
"cniVersion": "0.4.0",
"name": "lo",
"type": "loopback"
}
EOF
```
### Configure containerd
Create the `containerd` configuration file:
```
sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd/
```
```
{
containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml
sudo sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup \= false/SystemdCgroup \= true/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml
}
```
Create the `containerd.service` systemd unit file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/containerd.service
[Unit]
Description=containerd container runtime
Documentation=https://containerd.io
After=network.target
[Service]
ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay
ExecStart=/bin/containerd
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
Delegate=yes
KillMode=process
OOMScoreAdjust=-999
LimitNOFILE=1048576
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
```
### Configure the Kubelet
```
{
sudo mv ${HOSTNAME}-key.pem ${HOSTNAME}.pem /var/lib/kubelet/
sudo mv ${HOSTNAME}.kubeconfig /var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig
sudo mv ca.pem /var/lib/kubernetes/
}
```
Create the `kubelet-config.yaml` configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /var/lib/kubelet/kubelet-config.yaml
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
authentication:
anonymous:
enabled: false
webhook:
enabled: true
x509:
clientCAFile: "/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem"
authorization:
mode: Webhook
cgroupDriver: systemd
clusterDomain: "cluster.local"
clusterDNS:
- "10.32.0.10"
podCIDR: "${POD_CIDR}"
resolvConf: "/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf"
runtimeRequestTimeout: "15m"
tlsCertFile: "/var/lib/kubelet/${HOSTNAME}.pem"
tlsPrivateKeyFile: "/var/lib/kubelet/${HOSTNAME}-key.pem"
EOF
```
> The `resolvConf` configuration is used to avoid loops when using CoreDNS for service discovery on systems running `systemd-resolved`.
Create the `kubelet.service` systemd unit file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kubelet
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
After=containerd.service
Requires=containerd.service
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kubelet \\
--config=/var/lib/kubelet/kubelet-config.yaml \\
--container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock \\
--kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig \\
--register-node=true \\
--v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
```
### Configure the Kubernetes Proxy
```
sudo mv kube-proxy.kubeconfig /var/lib/kube-proxy/kubeconfig
```
Create the `kube-proxy-config.yaml` configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /var/lib/kube-proxy/kube-proxy-config.yaml
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
clientConnection:
kubeconfig: "/var/lib/kube-proxy/kubeconfig"
mode: "iptables"
clusterCIDR: "10.200.0.0/16"
EOF
```
Create the `kube-proxy.service` systemd unit file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kube Proxy
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-proxy \\
--config=/var/lib/kube-proxy/kube-proxy-config.yaml
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
```
### Start the Worker Services
```
{
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable containerd kubelet kube-proxy
sudo systemctl start containerd kubelet kube-proxy
}
```
Check if all Worker Services are active and are running
```
sudo systemctl status containerd kubelet kube-proxy
```
> Remember to run the above commands on each worker node: `worker-0`, `worker-1`, and `worker-2`.
## Verification
> The compute instances created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. Run the following commands from the same machine used to create the compute instances.
List the registered Kubernetes nodes:
```
gcloud compute ssh controller-0 \
--command "kubectl get nodes --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig"
```
> output
```
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
worker-0 Ready <none> 22s v1.26.1
worker-1 Ready <none> 22s v1.26.1
worker-2 Ready <none> 22s v1.26.1
```
Next: [Configuring kubectl for Remote Access](10-configuring-kubectl.md)