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kubernetes-the-hard-way/docs/04-kubernetes-controller.md

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Bootstrapping an H/A Kubernetes Control Plane

In this lab you will bootstrap a 3 node Kubernetes controller cluster. The following virtual machines will be used:

  • controller0
  • controller1
  • controller2

In this lab you will also create a frontend load balancer with a public IP address for remote access to the API servers and H/A.

Why

The Kubernetes components that make up the control plane include the following components:

  • Kubernetes API Server
  • Kubernetes Scheduler
  • Kubernetes Controller Manager

Each component is being run on the same machines for the following reasons:

  • The Scheduler and Controller Manager are tightly coupled with the API Server
  • Only one Scheduler and Controller Manager can be active at a given time, but it's ok to run multiple at the same time. Each component will elect a leader via the API Server.
  • Running multiple copies of each component is required for H/A
  • Running each component next to the API Server eases configuration.

Provision the Kubernetes Controller Cluster

Run the following commands on controller0, controller1, controller2:

TLS Certificates

The TLS certificates created in the Setting up a CA and TLS Cert Generation lab will be used to secure communication between the Kubernetes API server and Kubernetes clients such as kubectl and the kubelet agent. The TLS certificates will also be used to authenticate the Kubernetes API server to etcd via TLC client auth.

Copy the TLS certificates to the Kubernetes configuration directory:

sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/kubernetes

sudo cp ca.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem /var/lib/kubernetes/

Download and install the Kubernetes controller binaries

Download the official Kubernetes release binaries:

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.4.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.4.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.4.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler

wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.4.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl

Install the Kubernetes binaries:

chmod +x kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler kubectl

sudo mv kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler kubectl /usr/bin/

Kubernetes API Server

Setup Authentication and Authorization

Authentication

Token based authentication will be used to limit access to the Kubernetes API. The authentication token is used by the following components:

  • kubelet (client)
  • Kubernetes API Server (server)

The other components, mainly the scheduler and controller manager, access the Kubernetes API server locally over the insecure API port which does not require authentication. The insecure port is only enabled for local access.

Download the example token file:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way/master/token.csv

Review the example token file and replace the default token.

cat token.csv

Move the token file into the Kubernetes configuration directory so it can be read by the Kubernetes API server.

sudo mv token.csv /var/lib/kubernetes/
Authorization

Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) will be used to authorize access to the Kubernetes API. In this lab ABAC will be setup using the Kubernetes policy file backend as documented in the Kubernetes authorization guide.

Download the example authorization policy file:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way/master/authorization-policy.jsonl

Review the example authorization policy file. No changes are required.

cat authorization-policy.jsonl

Move the authorization policy file into the Kubernetes configuration directory so it can be read by the Kubernetes API server.

sudo mv authorization-policy.jsonl /var/lib/kubernetes/

Create the systemd unit file

Capture the internal IP address:

GCE

INTERNAL_IP=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
  http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/0/ip)

AWS

INTERNAL_IP=$(curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/local-ipv4)

Azure

INTERNAL_IP=$(ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet ' | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}')

Create the systemd unit file:

cat > kube-apiserver.service <<"EOF"
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes API Server
Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-apiserver \
  --admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,SecurityContextDeny,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota \
  --advertise-address=INTERNAL_IP \
  --allow-privileged=true \
  --apiserver-count=3 \
  --authorization-mode=ABAC \
  --authorization-policy-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/authorization-policy.jsonl \
  --bind-address=0.0.0.0 \
  --enable-swagger-ui=true \
  --etcd-cafile=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \
  --insecure-bind-address=0.0.0.0 \
  --kubelet-certificate-authority=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \
  --etcd-servers=https://10.240.0.10:2379,https://10.240.0.11:2379,https://10.240.0.12:2379 \
  --service-account-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \
  --service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \
  --service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \
  --tls-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \
  --tls-private-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \
  --token-auth-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/token.csv \
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sed -i s/INTERNAL_IP/$INTERNAL_IP/g kube-apiserver.service

sudo mv kube-apiserver.service /etc/systemd/system/

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable kube-apiserver
sudo systemctl start kube-apiserver

sudo systemctl status kube-apiserver --no-pager

Kubernetes Controller Manager

cat > kube-controller-manager.service <<"EOF"
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-controller-manager \
  --allocate-node-cidrs=true \
  --cluster-cidr=10.200.0.0/16 \
  --cluster-name=kubernetes \
  --leader-elect=true \
  --master=http://INTERNAL_IP:8080 \
  --root-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \
  --service-account-private-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \
  --service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sed -i s/INTERNAL_IP/$INTERNAL_IP/g kube-controller-manager.service

sudo mv kube-controller-manager.service /etc/systemd/system/

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable kube-controller-manager
sudo systemctl start kube-controller-manager

sudo systemctl status kube-controller-manager --no-pager

Kubernetes Scheduler

cat > kube-scheduler.service <<"EOF"
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
Documentation=https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kube-scheduler \
  --leader-elect=true \
  --master=http://INTERNAL_IP:8080 \
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sed -i s/INTERNAL_IP/$INTERNAL_IP/g kube-scheduler.service

sudo mv kube-scheduler.service /etc/systemd/system/

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable kube-scheduler
sudo systemctl start kube-scheduler

sudo systemctl status kube-scheduler --no-pager

Verification

kubectl get componentstatuses

NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE              ERROR
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                   
scheduler            Healthy   ok                   
etcd-1               Healthy   {"health": "true"}   
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health": "true"}   
etcd-2               Healthy   {"health": "true"}

Remember to run these steps on controller0, controller1, and controller2

Setup Kubernetes API Server Frontend Load Balancer

The virtual machines created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. Run the following commands from the same place used to create the virtual machines for this tutorial.

GCE

gcloud compute http-health-checks create kube-apiserver-check \
  --description "Kubernetes API Server Health Check" \
  --port 8080 \
  --request-path /healthz

gcloud compute target-pools create kubernetes-pool \
  --health-check kube-apiserver-check

gcloud compute target-pools add-instances kubernetes-pool \
  --instances controller0,controller1,controller2

KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes \
  --format 'value(address)')

gcloud compute forwarding-rules create kubernetes-rule \
  --address ${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS} \
  --ports 6443 \
  --target-pool kubernetes-pool

AWS

aws elb register-instances-with-load-balancer \
  --load-balancer-name kubernetes \
  --instances ${CONTROLLER_0_INSTANCE_ID} ${CONTROLLER_1_INSTANCE_ID} ${CONTROLLER_2_INSTANCE_ID}

Azure

azure network lb probe create \
  --resource-group the-hard-way \
  --lb-name the-hard-way-clb \
  --name controller-api-server-health \
  --interval 5 \
  --port 8080 \
  --protocol http \
  --path '/healthz'

azure network lb rule create \
  --resource-group the-hard-way \
  --lb-name the-hard-way-clb \
  --name controller-api-server \
  --frontend-port 6443 \
  --backend-port 6443 \
  --frontend-ip-name the-hard-way-cfe \
  --backend-address-pool-name backend-pool \
  --probe-name controller-api-server-health