226 lines
7.7 KiB
Markdown
226 lines
7.7 KiB
Markdown
# Provisioning Compute Resources
|
|
|
|
Kubernetes requires a set of machines to host the Kubernetes control plane and the worker nodes where containers are ultimately run. In this lab you will provision the machines required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster.
|
|
|
|
## Machine Database
|
|
|
|
This tutorial will leverage a text file, which will serve as a machine database, to store the various machine attributes that will be used when setting up the Kubernetes control plane and worker nodes. The following schema represents entries in the machine database, one entry per line:
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
IPV4_ADDRESS FQDN HOSTNAME POD_SUBNET
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Each of the columns corresponds to a machine IP address `IPV4_ADDRESS`, fully qualified domain name `FQDN`, host name `HOSTNAME`, and the IP subnet `POD_SUBNET`. Kubernetes assigns one IP address per `pod` and the `POD_SUBNET` represents the unique IP address range assigned to each machine in the cluster for doing so.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example machine database similar to the one used when creating this tutorial. Notice the IP addresses have been masked out. Your machines can be assigned any IP address as long as each machine is reachable from each other and the `jumpbox`.
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
cat machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX server.kubernetes.local server
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-0.kubernetes.local node-0 10.200.0.0/24
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-1.kubernetes.local node-1 10.200.1.0/24
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Now it's your turn to create a `machines.txt` file with the details for the three machines you will be using to create your Kubernetes cluster. Use the example machine database from above and add the details for your machines.
|
|
|
|
## Configuring SSH Access
|
|
|
|
SSH will be used to configure the machines in the cluster. Verify that you have `root` SSH access to each machine listed in your machine database. You may need to enable root SSH access on each node by updating the sshd_config file and restarting the SSH server.
|
|
|
|
### Enable root SSH Access
|
|
|
|
If `root` SSH access is enabled for each of your machines you can skip this section.
|
|
|
|
By default, a new `debian` install disables SSH access for the `root` user. This is done for security reasons as the `root` user is a well known user on Linux systems, and if a weak password is used on a machine connected to the internet, well, let's just say it's only a matter of time before your machine belongs to someone else. As mention earlier, we are going to enable `root` access over SSH in order to streamline the steps in this tutorial. Security is a tradeoff, and in this case, we are optimizing for convenience. On each machine login via SSH using your user account, then switch to the `root` user using the `su` command:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
su - root
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Edit the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` SSH daemon configuration file and the `PermitRootLogin` option to `yes`:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
sed -i \
|
|
's/^#PermitRootLogin.*/PermitRootLogin yes/' \
|
|
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Restart the `sshd` SSH server to pick up the updated configuration file:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
systemctl restart sshd
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Generate and Distribute SSH Keys
|
|
|
|
In this section you will generate and distribute an SSH keypair to the `server`, `node-0`, and `node-1`, machines, which will be used to run commands on those machines throughout this tutorial. Run the following commands from the `jumpbox` machine.
|
|
|
|
Generate a new SSH key:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
ssh-keygen
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
|
|
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
|
|
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
|
|
Enter same passphrase again:
|
|
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa
|
|
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Copy the SSH public key to each machine:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
ssh-copy-id root@${IP}
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Once each key is added, verify SSH public key access is working:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
ssh -n root@${IP} uname -o -m
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Hostnames
|
|
|
|
In this section you will assign hostnames to the `server`, `node-0`, and `node-1` machines. The hostname will be used when executing commands from the `jumpbox` to each machine. The hostname also play a major role within the cluster. Instead of Kubernetes clients using an IP address to issue commands to the Kubernetes API server, those client will use the `server` hostname instead. Hostnames are also used by each worker machine, `node-0` and `node-1` when registering with a given Kubernetes cluster.
|
|
|
|
To configure the hostname for each machine, run the following commands on the `jumpbox`.
|
|
|
|
Set the hostname on each machine listed in the `machines.txt` file:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
CMD="sed -i 's/^127.0.0.1.*/127.0.0.1\t${FQDN} ${HOST}/' /etc/hosts"
|
|
ssh -n root@${IP} "$CMD"
|
|
ssh -n root@${IP} hostnamectl hostname ${HOST}
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Verify the hostname is set on each machine:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
ssh -n root@${IP} hostname --fqdn
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
server.kubernetes.local
|
|
node-0.kubernetes.local
|
|
node-1.kubernetes.local
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## DNS
|
|
|
|
In this section you will generate a DNS `hosts` file which will be appended to `jumpbox` local `/etc/hosts` file and to the `/etc/hosts` file of all three machines used for this tutorial. This will allow each machine to be reachable using a hostname such as `server`, `node-0`, or `node-1`.
|
|
|
|
Create a new `hosts` file and add a header to identify the machines being added:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
echo "" > hosts
|
|
echo "# Kubernetes The Hard Way" >> hosts
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Generate a DNS entry for each machine in the `machines.txt` file and append it to the `hosts` file:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
ENTRY="${IP} ${FQDN} ${HOST}"
|
|
echo $ENTRY >> hosts
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Review the DNS entries in the `hosts` file:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
cat hosts
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
|
|
# Kubernetes The Hard Way
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX server.kubernetes.local server
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-0.kubernetes.local node-0
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-1.kubernetes.local node-1
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Adding DNS Entries To A Local Machine
|
|
|
|
In this section you will append the DNS entries from the `hosts` file to the local `/etc/hosts` file on your `jumpbox` machine.
|
|
|
|
Append the DNS entries from `hosts` to `/etc/hosts`:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
cat hosts >> /etc/hosts
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Verify that the `/etc/hosts` file has been updated:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
cat /etc/hosts
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
127.0.0.1 localhost
|
|
127.0.1.1 jumpbox
|
|
|
|
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
|
|
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
|
|
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
|
|
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kubernetes The Hard Way
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX server.kubernetes.local server
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-0.kubernetes.local node-0
|
|
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX node-1.kubernetes.local node-1
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
At this point you should be able to SSH to each machine listed in the `machines.txt` file using a hostname.
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
for host in server node-0 node-1
|
|
do ssh root@${host} uname -o -m -n
|
|
done
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```text
|
|
server aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
node-0 aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
node-1 aarch64 GNU/Linux
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Adding DNS Entries To The Remote Machines
|
|
|
|
In this section you will append the DNS entries from `hosts` to `/etc/hosts` on each machine listed in the `machines.txt` text file.
|
|
|
|
Copy the `hosts` file to each machine and append the contents to `/etc/hosts`:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
while read IP FQDN HOST SUBNET; do
|
|
scp hosts root@${HOST}:~/
|
|
ssh -n \
|
|
root@${HOST} "cat hosts >> /etc/hosts"
|
|
done < machines.txt
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
At this point hostnames can be used when connecting to machines from your `jumpbox` machine, or any of the three machines in the Kubernetes cluster. Instead of using IP addresess you can now connect to machines using a hostname such as `server`, `node-0`, or `node-1`.
|
|
|
|
Next: [Provisioning a CA and Generating TLS Certificates](04-certificate-authority.md)
|