kubernetes-the-hard-way/docs/04-certificate-authority.md

# Provisioning a CA and Generating TLS Certificates

In this lab you will provision a [PKI Infrastructure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure) using CloudFlare's PKI toolkit, [cfssl](https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl), then use it to bootstrap a Certificate Authority, and generate TLS certificates for the following components: etcd, kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager, kube-scheduler, kubelet, and kube-proxy.

## Certificate Authority

In this section you will provision a Certificate Authority that can be used to generate additional TLS certificates.

Generate the CA configuration file, certificate, and private key:

```
{

cat > ca-config.json <<EOF
{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "8760h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "kubernetes": {
        "usages": ["signing", "key encipherment", "server auth", "client auth"],
        "expiry": "8760h"
      }
    }
  }
}
EOF

cat > ca-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "Kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "Kubernetes",
      "OU": "CA",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca

}
```

Results:

```
ca-key.pem
ca.pem
```

## Client and Server Certificates

In this section you will generate client and server certificates for each Kubernetes component and a client certificate for the Kubernetes `admin` user.

### The Admin Client Certificate

Generate the `admin` client certificate and private key:

```
{

cat > admin-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "admin",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "system:masters",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin

}
```

Results:

```
admin-key.pem
admin.pem
```

### The Kubelet Client Certificates

Kubernetes uses a [special-purpose authorization mode](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/node/) called Node Authorizer, that specifically authorizes API requests made by [Kubelets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/#kubelet). In order to be authorized by the Node Authorizer, Kubelets must use a credential that identifies them as being in the `system:nodes` group, with a username of `system:node:<nodeName>`. In this section you will create a certificate for each Kubernetes worker node that meets the Node Authorizer requirements.

Generate a certificate and private key for each Kubernetes worker node:

<details open>
<summary>GCP</summary>

```
for instance in worker-0 worker-1 worker-2; do
cat > ${instance}-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "system:node:${instance}",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "system:nodes",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

EXTERNAL_IP=$(gcloud compute instances describe ${instance} \
  --format 'value(networkInterfaces[0].accessConfigs[0].natIP)')

INTERNAL_IP=$(gcloud compute instances describe ${instance} \
  --format 'value(networkInterfaces[0].networkIP)')

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -hostname=${instance},${EXTERNAL_IP},${INTERNAL_IP} \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  ${instance}-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ${instance}
done
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>AWS</summary>

```
VPC_ID="$(aws ec2 describe-vpcs \
  --filters Name=tag-key,Values=kubernetes.io/cluster/kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --profile kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --query 'Vpcs[0].VpcId' \
  --output text)"
```
```
for i in 0 1 2; do
  instance="worker-$i"
  hostname="ip-10-240-0-2$i"

  cut -c3- >"$instance-csr.json" <<EOF
  {
    "CN": "system:node:$hostname",
    "key": {
      "algo": "rsa",
      "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
      {
        "C": "US",
        "L": "Portland",
        "O": "system:nodes",
        "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
        "ST": "Oregon"
      }
    ]
  }
EOF

  INT_EXT_IP="$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
    --filters \
      Name=vpc-id,Values="$VPC_ID" \
      Name=tag:Name,Values="$instance" \
    --profile kubernetes-the-hard-way \
    --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].[PrivateIpAddress,PublicIpAddress]' \
    --output text)"
  INTERNAL_IP="$(echo "$INT_EXT_IP"|cut -f1)"
  EXTERNAL_IP="$(echo "$INT_EXT_IP"|cut -f2)"

  cfssl gencert \
    -ca=ca.pem \
    -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
    -config=ca-config.json \
    -hostname="$hostname,$EXTERNAL_IP,$INTERNAL_IP" \
    -profile=kubernetes \
    "$instance-csr.json"|cfssljson -bare "$instance"
done
```

</details>
<p></p>

Results:

```
worker-0-key.pem
worker-0.pem
worker-1-key.pem
worker-1.pem
worker-2-key.pem
worker-2.pem
```

### The Controller Manager Client Certificate

Generate the `kube-controller-manager` client certificate and private key:

```
{

cat > kube-controller-manager-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-controller-manager",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "system:kube-controller-manager",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kube-controller-manager-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-controller-manager

}
```

Results:

```
kube-controller-manager-key.pem
kube-controller-manager.pem
```


### The Kube Proxy Client Certificate

Generate the `kube-proxy` client certificate and private key:

```
{

cat > kube-proxy-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-proxy",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "system:node-proxier",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy

}
```

Results:

```
kube-proxy-key.pem
kube-proxy.pem
```

### The Scheduler Client Certificate

Generate the `kube-scheduler` client certificate and private key:

```
{

cat > kube-scheduler-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-scheduler",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "system:kube-scheduler",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kube-scheduler-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-scheduler

}
```

Results:

```
kube-scheduler-key.pem
kube-scheduler.pem
```


### The Kubernetes API Server Certificate

The `kubernetes-the-hard-way` static IP address will be included in the list of subject alternative names for the Kubernetes API Server certificate. This will ensure the certificate can be validated by remote clients.

Generate the Kubernetes API Server certificate and private key:

<details open>
<summary>GCP</summary>

```
{

KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --region $(gcloud config get-value compute/region) \
  --format 'value(address)')

cat > kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "Kubernetes",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -hostname=10.32.0.1,10.240.0.10,10.240.0.11,10.240.0.12,${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS},127.0.0.1,kubernetes.default \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes

}
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>AWS</summary>

```
KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS="$(aws elb describe-load-balancers \
  --load-balancer-name kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --profile kubernetes-the-hard-way \
  --query 'LoadBalancerDescriptions[0].DNSName' \
  --output text)"

cat >kubernetes-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "Kubernetes",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -hostname=10.32.0.1,10.240.0.10,10.240.0.11,10.240.0.12,ip-10-240-0-10,ip-10-240-0-11,ip-10-240-0-12,$KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS,127.0.0.1,kubernetes.default \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  kubernetes-csr.json|cfssljson -bare kubernetes
```

</details>
<p></p>

Results:

```
kubernetes-key.pem
kubernetes.pem
```

## The Service Account Key Pair

The Kubernetes Controller Manager leverages a key pair to generate and sign service account tokens as describe in the [managing service accounts](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/service-accounts-admin/) documentation.

Generate the `service-account` certificate and private key:

```
{

cat > service-account-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "service-accounts",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "US",
      "L": "Portland",
      "O": "Kubernetes",
      "OU": "Kubernetes The Hard Way",
      "ST": "Oregon"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert \
  -ca=ca.pem \
  -ca-key=ca-key.pem \
  -config=ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes \
  service-account-csr.json | cfssljson -bare service-account

}
```

Results:

```
service-account-key.pem
service-account.pem
```


## Distribute the Client and Server Certificates

Copy the appropriate certificates and private keys to each worker instance:

<details open>
<summary>GCP</summary>

```
for instance in worker-0 worker-1 worker-2; do
  gcloud compute scp ca.pem ${instance}-key.pem ${instance}.pem ${instance}:~/
done
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>AWS</summary>

```
get_ip() {
  aws ec2 describe-instances \
    --filters \
      Name=vpc-id,Values="$VPC_ID" \
      Name=tag:Name,Values="$1" \
    --profile kubernetes-the-hard-way \
    --query 'Reservations[0].Instances[0].PublicIpAddress' \
    --output text
}
```
```
for instance in worker-0 worker-1 worker-2; do
  scp -i ~/.ssh/kubernetes-the-hard-way -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no \
    ca.pem "$instance-key.pem" "$instance.pem" "ubuntu@$(get_ip "$instance"):~/"
done
```

</details>
<p></p>

Copy the appropriate certificates and private keys to each controller instance:

<details open>
<summary>GCP</summary>

```
for instance in controller-0 controller-1 controller-2; do
  gcloud compute scp ca.pem ca-key.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem \
    service-account-key.pem service-account.pem ${instance}:~/
done
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>AWS</summary>

```
for instance in controller-0 controller-1 controller-2; do
  scp -i ~/.ssh/kubernetes-the-hard-way -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no \
    ca.pem ca-key.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem service-account-key.pem service-account.pem \
    "ubuntu@$(get_ip "$instance"):~/"
done
```

</details>
<p></p>

> The `kube-proxy`, `kube-controller-manager`, `kube-scheduler`, and `kubelet` client certificates will be used to generate client authentication configuration files in the next lab.

Next: [Generating Kubernetes Configuration Files for Authentication](05-kubernetes-configuration-files.md)